Types of Cervical Cancer

Screening & Diagnosis

Cervical cancer can often be prevented through early detection of abnormal cell changes before they develop into cancer. Screening identifies individuals at risk, while diagnostic evaluation confirms the presence and extent of disease.

Early detection

In early stages, cervical cancer and pre-cancerous changes typically cause no symptoms. This is why screening plays a critical role—identifying abnormalities before symptoms develop and before disease progresses.

Symptoms

As cervical cancer progresses, symptoms may include:

  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding (after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause)
  • Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
  • Unusual vaginal discharge

These symptoms are not specific to cervical cancer and may be caused by other conditions. However, they should always be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

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How cervical cancer is identified

Cervical screening and diagnosis may involve:

  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing to identify high-risk infections
  • Cytology (Pap testing) to detect abnormal cells
  • Visual assessment methods in certain clinical settings
  • Diagnostic procedures such as colposcopy and biopsy to confirm abnormalities

Together, these approaches allow providers to identify risk and determine appropriate next steps.

Identifying abnormal results is only the first step. Effective care depends on the ability to guide patients from screening to timely treatment.

See how a screen-triage-treat approach supports earlier detection and improved outcomes.

References:

  1. World Health Organization. Cervical cancer. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
  2. World Health Organization. WHO guideline for screening and treatment of cervical pre-cancer lesions for cervical cancer prevention. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024.
  3. World Health Organization. WHO guideline for screening and treatment of cervical pre-cancer lesions: use of HPV DNA genotyping. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2026. Available at: https://iris.who.int/items/7eac93e4-6d76-4d5f-a32d-9fd4c43fd3a7
  4. National Cancer Institute. Cervical Cancer Screening. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/screening
  5. American Cancer Society. Cervical Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging.html