The primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual contact. In most individuals, the immune system clears HPV naturally. In some cases, the infection persists and can lead to changes in cervical cells that may develop into cancer over time.

Several factors increase the likelihood of persistent HPV infection and cervical cancer development:

• Sexual and exposure-related factors Early sexual activity, having multiple sexual partners, or having a partner with multiple partners increases the likelihood of HPV exposure.
• Immune status A weakened immune system—such as from HIV infection, immunosuppressive therapy, or chronic conditions—reduces the body's ability to clear HPV.
• Reproductive and hormonal factors Long-term use of oral contraceptives, multiple full-term pregnancies, and early age at first pregnancy have been associated with increased risk.